If the density of a substance is known, to calculate the specific gravity of a substance simply divide the density of the substance by the density of water or air.
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How to calculate and measure specific gravity Specific gravity measures the density of substances - solids, liquids and gases - compared to water. The specific gravity of hydrogen is ~0.07 and helium is 0.14, so they can be used to make lighter than air dirigibles. The specific gravity of methane compared to air is ~0.55, so it will rise in the atmosphere. For example, most pure alcohols have a density of about ~0.8, so alcohol floats on water. A gas is measured against Earth's air, so if the gas's specific gravity is lower than one it will float in air. Solids and liquids are measured against water, so if the specific gravity is less than one it will float, if it is higher than one it will sink. Specific gravity will show whether something will float or sink. For scientific purposes the temperature and pressure must be controlled and shown for accurate specific gravity measurements. Items change density depending on temperature and atmospheric pressure. Specific gravity can be shortened to SG or Sp. Because it is a ratio, it is given without units. For solids and liquids, specific gravity is generally measured in relation to water at its densest state (at temperatures of 4 Celsius or 39.2 Fahrenheit), and for gases to room temperature air. Specific gravity, more formally known as relative density, is a measure of the density of a substance in comparison to the density of water.
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